Ụkpụrụ ọrụ bụ isi nke laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe omume nke mkpali ọkụ. Site na usoro nhazi na nhazi nke ziri ezi, lasers na-emepụta ọkụ na ịdị elu dị elu, monochromaticity, na nchapụta. A na-eji lasers eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, gụnyere n'akụkụ dịka nzikọrịta ozi, ọgwụ, nrụpụta, nha, na nyocha sayensị. Ịrụ ọrụ dị elu na njirimara njikwa ziri ezi na-eme ka ha bụrụ isi akụkụ nke ọtụtụ teknụzụ. N'okpuru ebe a bụ nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke lasers na usoro nke ụdị laser dị iche iche.
1. Ihe na-akpali akpali
Mbupu na-akpali akpalibụ ụkpụrụ bụ isi n'azụ ọgbọ laser, nke Einstein bu ụzọ tụpụtara ya na 1917. Ihe omume a na-akọwa etu esi emepụta foton ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta ọnụ site na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ìhè na ihe na-akpali akpali. Iji ghọta nke ọma ihe mkpali, ka anyị bido n'obere ikuku:
Mgbapụta ozugbo: Na atom, molecules, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ microscopic particles, electrons nwere ike ịmịnye ike mpụga (dị ka ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ ike anya) ma gbanwee gaa n'ogo ike dị elu, nke a maara dị ka ọnọdụ obi ụtọ. Agbanyeghị, elektrọn steeti nwere obi ụtọ anaghị akwụsi ike ma mesịa laghachi n'ogo ike dị ala, nke a maara dị ka steeti ala, mgbe obere oge gachara. N'oge usoro a, eletrọn na-ewepụta foton, nke na-apụta n'oge. Ụdị foton ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe na-enweghị usoro n'ihe gbasara ugboro, usoro na ntụziaka, ma si otú ahụ enweghị njikọ.
Mgbapụta na-akpali akpali: Isi ihe na-akpali emission bụ na mgbe eletrọn nwere obi ụtọ na-ezute foton nwere ike kwekọrọ na ike mgbanwe ya, foton nwere ike ime ka eletrọn ahụ laghachi n'ala ala mgbe ọ na-ewepụta foton ọhụrụ. Photon ọhụrụ ahụ yiri nke mbụ n'ihe gbasara ugboro, usoro, na ntụzịaka mgbasa, na-ebute ìhè ọnụ. Ihe omume a na-eme ka ọnụọgụ na ike nke foton dịkwuo elu ma bụrụ isi usoro nke lasers.
Mmetụta nzaghachi akpali akpali nke ọma: N'ime imewe nke lasers, a na-emeghachi usoro mmepụta ihe na-akpali akpali ugboro ugboro, na mmetụta nzaghachi a dị mma nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke photons. Site n'enyemaka nke oghere resonant, a na-edobe ịdị n'otu nke photons, na ike nke ọkụ ọkụ na-aga n'ihu.
2. Nweta Ọkara
Nkenweta ọkarabụ isi ihe dị na laser nke na-ekpebi mmụba nke photon na mmepụta laser. Ọ bụ ihe ndabere anụ ahụ maka mkpali a na-akpali akpali, na ihe onwunwe ya na-ekpebi ugboro, ogologo wavele, na ike mmepụta nke laser. Ụdị na njirimara nke ihe na-enweta uru na-emetụta ngwa ngwa na arụmọrụ nke laser.
Usoro mkpali: Electrons na-enweta usoro mkpa ka obi ụtọ na elu ike larịị site na mpụga ike isi iyi. A na-enwetakarị usoro a site na usoro inye ike nke mpụga. Usoro mkpali nkịtị gụnyere:
Mgbapụta ọkụ eletrik: Na-akpali akpali ndị electrons na-enweta ego site n'itinye ọkụ eletrik.
Mgbapụta ngwa anya: Ihe na-akpali akpali nke nwere isi iyi ọkụ (dị ka oriọna ọkụ ma ọ bụ laser ọzọ).
Sistemụ ọkwa ike: Electrons na uru usoro na-a na-ekesa na kpọmkwem ike larịị. Ndị kasị ewu ewu bụabụọ-larịị usoronausoro nke anọ. N'ime usoro ọkwa abụọ dị mfe, electrons na-agbanwe site na ala ala gaa na ọnọdụ obi ụtọ wee laghachi na ala ala site na mkpali na-akpali akpali. N'ime usoro ọkwa anọ, electrons na-enweta mgbanwe dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ọkwa ike dị iche iche, na-ebutekarị arụmọrụ dị elu.
Ụdị mgbasa ozi uru:
Ọkara Ga-enweta Gas: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, helium-neon (He-Ne) lasers. A na-ama usoro mgbasa ozi uru gas maka mmepụta kwụsiri ike yana ogologo wavele ogologo, a na-ejikwa ya dịka isi mmalite ọkụ na ụlọ nyocha.
Ọkara uru Liquid: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, lasers agba agba. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-esiji esiji nwere ezigbo ihe mkpali n'ofe dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha dị mma maka lasers a na-emegharị emegharị.
Ọkara uru siri ike: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Nd (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers. Ndị lasers ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma dị ike, a na-ejikwa ya na ịkpụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ịgbado ọkụ, na ngwa ahụike.
Semiconductor Gain Ọkara: Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ihe gallium arsenide (GaAs) eme ihe na nkwurịta okwu na ngwaọrụ optoelectronic dịka diodes laser.
3. Resonator oghere
Nkeoghere resonatorbụ akụkụ nhazi na laser ejiri maka nzaghachi na mmụba. Ọrụ ya bụ isi bụ ịkwalite ọnụ ọgụgụ photons ndị a na-emepụta site na mkpali na-eku ume site na ịtụgharị uche na ịbawanye ha n'ime oghere ahụ, si otú a na-emepụta mmepụta laser siri ike ma lekwasị anya.
Nhazi nke oghere Resonator: Ọ na-enwekarị enyo abụọ. Otu bụ mirror na-egosipụta n'ụzọ zuru ezu, nke a maara dị kaazụ mirror, na nke ọzọ bụ enyo na-egosipụta akụkụ ụfọdụ, nke a maara dị kamirror mmepụta. Photons na-atụgharị azụ na azụ n'ime oghere ma na-abawanye site na mmekọrịta ya na usoro uru.
Ọnọdụ resonance: Nhazi nke oghere resonator ga-enwerịrị ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dị ka ịhụ na photons na-etolite ebili mmiri na-eguzo n'ime oghere. Nke a na-achọ ka ogologo oghere ahụ bụrụ otutu nke ogologo ikuku laser. Naanị ebili mmiri ọkụ na-ezute ọnọdụ ndị a ka enwere ike ịbawanye nke ọma n'ime oghere.
Mgbapụta ọkụ: Ngosipụta nke na-egosipụta akụkụ ụfọdụ na-enye ohere ka akụkụ nke ọkụ ọkụ a na-amụbawanye na-agafe, na-eme ka ọkụ na-emepụta laser. Igwe ọkụ a nwere ntụzịaka dị elu, ịdị n'otu, na monochromaticity.
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịmatakwu ma ọ bụ nwee mmasị na lasers, biko nweere onwe gị ịkpọtụrụ anyị:
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Oge nzipu: Sep-18-2024